en تروما Trauma مروری Review Paper <p data-end="964" data-start="16" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">Orthopedics has traditionally approached sex differences as a matter of anatomical scale&mdash;bone size, muscle mass, and ligamentous laxity. However, emerging evidence suggests that sex and gender are not peripheral modifiers but central biological and socio-clinical determinants shaping musculoskeletal health, injury patterns, treatment response, and long-term outcomes.</span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif">&nbsp;It is now imperative to reframe orthopedics through a sex- and gender-informed precision lens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> Sex differences, Gender disparities, Orthopedics, Precision medicine 0 0 http://jros.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2718-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Khatere Mokhtari khatere_mokhtari@yahoo.com 10031947532846008682 10031947532846008682 No Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran