en تروما Trauma پژوهشی Research Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background</strong>: Impaired motor control in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) may alter gait mechanics and contribute to altered spinal loading.&nbsp;<br> <strong>Objectives</strong>: This study aimed to investigate the effects of motor control exercises (MCE) performed in aquatic and land-based environments on vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) parameters and psychological variables in women with NSCLBP.<br> <strong>Methods</strong>: In this randomized clinical trial, 60 women with NSCLBP were recruited through convenience sampling in 2022 at Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran, and randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The experimental group participated in an 8-week MCE program performed in aquatic and land-based environments, whereas the control group received no intervention. Pain intensity, disability, and kinesiophobia were assessed as clinical and psychological outcomes, while vGRF parameters during walking were evaluated as biomechanical outcomes. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).<br> <strong>Results</strong>: Compared with the control group, the MCE group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in pain intensity, disability, and kinesiophobia (all P<0.001). Significant between-group differences were also observed in vGRF parameters following the intervention (all P<0.001).&nbsp;<br> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: An 8-week MCE program performed in aquatic and land-based environments improved pain, disability, and kinesiophobia and altered vGRF parameters during walking in women with NSCLBP. These findings suggest that MCE may have beneficial clinical and biomechanical effects in this population.</div> Nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP), Motor control exercise (MCE), Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), Aquatic exercise 107 118 http://jros.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-857-4&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Fatemeh Souri fatemesori1862@gmail.com 10031947532846009332 0009-0005-2061-4143 No Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Ali Yalfani yalfani@basu.ac.ir 10031947532846009333 10031947532846009333 Yes Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Azadeh Asgarpoor azadehasgarpoor@gmail.com 10031947532846009334 10031947532846009334 No Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Mohammadreza Ahmadi mohammadreza.ahmadi189@gmail.com 10031947532846009335 10031947532846009335 No Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.