en جراحی زانو Knee surgery مروری Review Paper <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="line-height:107%">Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a complex degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Recent advances in basic science have transformed the understanding of KOA from a purely mechanical disorder into a multifactorial disease driven by molecular and cellular mechanisms. This narrative mini-review summarizes current insights into cartilage degeneration in KOA, focusing on inflammatory signaling pathways, extracellular matrix breakdown, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chondrocyte senescence. These interconnected processes highlight potential therapeutic targets for disease-modifying interventions and provide a critical link between basic science and clinical practice.</span></span></span></span></div> Knee osteoarthritis, Cartilage degradation, Extracellular matrix, Signaling pathways 0 0 http://jros.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2743-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mehdi Moghtadaei moghtadaei.m@iums.ac.ir 10031947532846008928 10031947532846008928 No Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Hazrat-e-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehryar Khadem Khadem.m@iums.ac.ir 10031947532846008929 10031947532846008929 Yes Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran